Friday, November 20, 2009
Monday, November 9, 2009
Nervous Sysstem Part II
This week our lesson was Nervous System Part II which concerns of the brain and the cranial nerve. This was boring for me because there are some important things that I wasn’t able to understand because the reporter failed to explain it further. It was boring because the reporter was only reading it. I wasn’t able to see effort on her report because it’s just plain which is ok. Just ok.
Let me begin with an overview and then get a little more specific.
The brain and the cranial nerves represent the major control system of nervous system. Brain acts as a main processor and director of the entire system while cranial nerves leave the brain and go to specific body areas where they receive information and send it back (sensory) and the brain sends back the instructions as to appropriate response (motor).
Brains external anatomy consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Cerebrum which is the largest part of the brain is divided into 2 hemispheres, right and left by the longitudinal fissure and divided from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure. Cerebrum has 4 lobes-large sections of the brain the frontal lobes which is responsible for the motor activities, conscious thought and speech, parietal lobes involved with body sense perception, primary taste and speech, occipital lobes which are responsible for vision and temporal lobes which involve in the hearing and integration of thoughts.
Cerebellum is posterior to the brain stem and plays an important role in sensory and motor system. It is sometimes called “little brain”.
Brain stem is a stalk like structure inferior to and partially covered by the cerebrum. It has 3 sections: medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain. Medulla oblongata is responsible for impulses, pons relays a sensory and motor information; role in breathing, and mid brain which relays sensory and motor information. The condition when the brain controls the vital functions of life is what we call persistent vegetative state. There are protective membranes that cover our brain they are called meninges. A fatal condition of this is meningitis.
The next part was the internal anatomy of the brain. In the internal anatomy of the brain we can find the cortex, nuclei, and ventricles. Cortes is a layer of gray matter surrounded by white matter. In the cerebrum the cortex is called cerebral cortex while in the cerebellum, cerebellar cortex. The deep island of gray matter surrounded by white matter is what we call nuclei. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities which allow the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid through out the brain. It has 3 parts: lateral ventricle which consist of 1st and 2nd ventricle, 3rd ventricle, and fourth ventricle. In the cerebrum we can find the corpus callosum which allows the communication between the left and the right side of the brain.
Diencephalon is inferior to the cerebrum. It is a section of the brain that is not visible form the exterior. It also has 3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal body. Thalamus relays and processes information going to the cerebrum. Hypothalamus regulates hormone levels and temperature. Pineal body is responsible for the secretion of the melatonin. Pituitary gland secretes hormones for various functions.
Cranial nerves are connected to the outside of the brain. They are like spinal nerves in that they are input and output pathways for the brain. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. 2 pair’s form these arise from the brain stem.
Somatic sensory system provides sensory for your nervous system. the sense of touch is what we call somatic sensation which allows you to differentiate things form one another there are different spinal pathways spinothalamic, lateral, anterior, dorsal column, spinocerebellar posture.
Motor system works in parallel with the somatic sensory system. the information here moves in an opposite direction form brain to spinal cord. The movement where fined-tuned posture and limb positions are taken into account is called motor coordination loop/
Autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscles and smooth muscles found in structure such as vessels and airways. It is divided into two sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch. Sympathetic branch controls the fight-or-fight response while parasympathetic branch is responsible for the maintenance of everyday activity.
There are other systems namely limbic and reticular systems. Limbic systems is a series of nuclei in the cerebrum, it involves in mood, emotion, and memory. Reticular system is a diffuse network of nuclei in the brain stem that is responsible for waking up your cerebral cortex.
Let me begin with an overview and then get a little more specific.
The brain and the cranial nerves represent the major control system of nervous system. Brain acts as a main processor and director of the entire system while cranial nerves leave the brain and go to specific body areas where they receive information and send it back (sensory) and the brain sends back the instructions as to appropriate response (motor).
Brains external anatomy consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem. Cerebrum which is the largest part of the brain is divided into 2 hemispheres, right and left by the longitudinal fissure and divided from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure. Cerebrum has 4 lobes-large sections of the brain the frontal lobes which is responsible for the motor activities, conscious thought and speech, parietal lobes involved with body sense perception, primary taste and speech, occipital lobes which are responsible for vision and temporal lobes which involve in the hearing and integration of thoughts.
Cerebellum is posterior to the brain stem and plays an important role in sensory and motor system. It is sometimes called “little brain”.
Brain stem is a stalk like structure inferior to and partially covered by the cerebrum. It has 3 sections: medulla oblongata, pons, and mid brain. Medulla oblongata is responsible for impulses, pons relays a sensory and motor information; role in breathing, and mid brain which relays sensory and motor information. The condition when the brain controls the vital functions of life is what we call persistent vegetative state. There are protective membranes that cover our brain they are called meninges. A fatal condition of this is meningitis.
The next part was the internal anatomy of the brain. In the internal anatomy of the brain we can find the cortex, nuclei, and ventricles. Cortes is a layer of gray matter surrounded by white matter. In the cerebrum the cortex is called cerebral cortex while in the cerebellum, cerebellar cortex. The deep island of gray matter surrounded by white matter is what we call nuclei. Ventricles are fluid filled cavities which allow the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid through out the brain. It has 3 parts: lateral ventricle which consist of 1st and 2nd ventricle, 3rd ventricle, and fourth ventricle. In the cerebrum we can find the corpus callosum which allows the communication between the left and the right side of the brain.
Diencephalon is inferior to the cerebrum. It is a section of the brain that is not visible form the exterior. It also has 3 parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal body. Thalamus relays and processes information going to the cerebrum. Hypothalamus regulates hormone levels and temperature. Pineal body is responsible for the secretion of the melatonin. Pituitary gland secretes hormones for various functions.
Cranial nerves are connected to the outside of the brain. They are like spinal nerves in that they are input and output pathways for the brain. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. 2 pair’s form these arise from the brain stem.
Somatic sensory system provides sensory for your nervous system. the sense of touch is what we call somatic sensation which allows you to differentiate things form one another there are different spinal pathways spinothalamic, lateral, anterior, dorsal column, spinocerebellar posture.
Motor system works in parallel with the somatic sensory system. the information here moves in an opposite direction form brain to spinal cord. The movement where fined-tuned posture and limb positions are taken into account is called motor coordination loop/
Autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscles and smooth muscles found in structure such as vessels and airways. It is divided into two sympathetic branch and parasympathetic branch. Sympathetic branch controls the fight-or-fight response while parasympathetic branch is responsible for the maintenance of everyday activity.
There are other systems namely limbic and reticular systems. Limbic systems is a series of nuclei in the cerebrum, it involves in mood, emotion, and memory. Reticular system is a diffuse network of nuclei in the brain stem that is responsible for waking up your cerebral cortex.
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